North Temperate Lakes
US Long-Term Ecological Research Network

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER – Daily Bloom Data for Whole Lake Experiments 2011 - 2019

Abstract
Daily measurements of algal bloom variables (chlorophyll, phycocyanin
fluorescence, dissolved oxygen, and pH) from the surface waters of Paul, Peter, and
Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2011 to 2019, excluding
2012 and 2017. In some years, Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015) lakes
had inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus added to them daily to cause algal blooms
while Paul Lake served as an unmanipulated reference.<br/>
Core Areas
Dataset ID
413
Data Sources
Date Range
-
Methods
Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter (2013-2015, 2019) and Tuesday (2013-2015)
lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates,
loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological
Applications, link below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:
188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should
be consulted for details. These lakes have been used for whole-ecosystem
experiments over the past decades; see Carpenter and Pace 2018 (Limnology
and Oceanography Letters 3(6): 419-427) for an overview.<br/>
NTL Themes
Version Number
1

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER – High-resolution Spatial Data for Whole Lake Experiments 2018 - 2019

Abstract
Spatial measurements of water quality from Peter and Paul lakes in 2018 and 2019.
In 2019, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter Lake daily to cause
an algal bloom while Paul Lake was an unmanipulated reference lake. In 2018, both
lakes were sampled 1 time per week, while in 2019 lakes were sampled three times per
week. Measurements were taken using the FLAMe sampling platform (Crawford et al.
2015, Environmental Science and Technology 49:442-450), which was driven in a grid
pattern and recorded GPS coordinates and water measurements at 1Hz to create high
resolution spatial maps.<br/>
Dataset ID
412
Data Sources
Date Range
-
Methods
Two lakes were studied for two years to test for spatial early warning
statistics (EWS) prior to an experimentally induced algal bloom. In 2018,
both Peter and Paul lakes were unmanipulated and spatial measurements of
each lake were taken weekly from June 6th to August 21st to establish
baseline conditions and EWS values. In 2019, nutrients were added to Peter
Lake while Paul Lake remained an unmanipulated reference lake. Both lakes
were measured three times per week from May 29th to September 4th. More
details on nutrient additions (loading rates, N:P ratios) are provided in
Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological Applications, link below). <br/>Two lakes were studied for two years to test for spatial early warning
statistics (EWS) prior to an experimentally induced algal bloom. In 2018,
both Peter and Paul lakes were unmanipulated and spatial measurements of
each lake were taken weekly from June 6th to August 21st to establish
baseline conditions and EWS values. In 2019, nutrients were added to Peter
Lake while Paul Lake remained an unmanipulated reference lake. Both lakes
were measured three times per week from May 29th to September 4th. More
details on nutrient additions (loading rates, N:P ratios) are provided in
Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological Applications, link below). <br/>Two lakes were studied for two years to test for spatial early warning
statistics (EWS) prior to an experimentally induced algal bloom. In 2018,
both Peter and Paul lakes were unmanipulated and spatial measurements of
each lake were taken weekly from June 6th to August 21st to establish
baseline conditions and EWS values. In 2019, nutrients were added to Peter
Lake while Paul Lake remained an unmanipulated reference lake. Both lakes
were measured three times per week from May 29th to September 4th. More
details on nutrient additions (loading rates, N:P ratios) are provided in
Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological Applications, link below). <br/>Two lakes were studied for two years to test for spatial early warning
statistics (EWS) prior to an experimentally induced algal bloom. In 2018,
both Peter and Paul lakes were unmanipulated and spatial measurements of
each lake were taken weekly from June 6th to August 21st to establish
baseline conditions and EWS values. In 2019, nutrients were added to Peter
Lake while Paul Lake remained an unmanipulated reference lake. Both lakes
were measured three times per week from May 29th to September 4th. More
details on nutrient additions (loading rates, N:P ratios) are provided in
Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological Applications, link below). <br/>Two lakes were studied for two years to test for spatial early warning
statistics (EWS) prior to an experimentally induced algal bloom. In 2018,
both Peter and Paul lakes were unmanipulated and spatial measurements of
each lake were taken weekly from June 6th to August 21st to establish
baseline conditions and EWS values. In 2019, nutrients were added to Peter
Lake while Paul Lake remained an unmanipulated reference lake. Both lakes
were measured three times per week from May 29th to September 4th. More
details on nutrient additions (loading rates, N:P ratios) are provided in
Buelo et al. 2022 (Ecological Applications, link below). <br/>
NTL Themes
Version Number
1

Cascade project at Norther Temperate Lake LTER – Daily Respiration Data for Whole Lake Nutrient Additions 2013-2015

Abstract
Daily estimates of ecosystem respiration and values of covariates from surface waters of Paul, Peter, and Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2013, 2014, and 2015. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes each year while Paul Lake was an unfertilized reference.<br/>
Core Areas
Dataset ID
399
Date Range
-
Methods
Nutrients were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates, loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018. (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203). Methods are described in Pace et al. 2021 (Limnology and Oceanography linked below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates, loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018. (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203). Methods are described in Pace et al. 2021 (Limnology and Oceanography linked below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates, loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018. (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203). Methods are described in Pace et al. 2021 (Limnology and Oceanography linked below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.<br/>Nutrients were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes to cause algal blooms. Details on nutrient additions (start/end dates, loading rates, N:P ratios) are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018. (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203). Methods are described in Pace et al. 2021 (Limnology and Oceanography linked below), Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203), and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.<br/>
Version Number
1

Cascade project at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Daily data for key variables in whole lake experiments on early warnings of critical transitions, Paul and Peter Lakes, 2008-2011

Abstract
Peter Lake's food web was altered by adding largemouth bass at a slow rate while monitoring key food web constituents including littoral minnow abundance indexed as catch per trap per hour, zooplankton biomass, and concentration of chlorophyll a. Paul Lake was manipulated and the same variables were measured there.
In Peter Lake, we expected littoral catch of minnows to first increase as minnows moved into the littoral zone due to the threat of bass predation and then decrease due to bass predation. We expected zooplankton biomass to increase as minnows moved into the littoral zone. We expected chlorophyll to decrease due to increased grazing by zooplankton. We expected that variance and autocorrelation of chlorophyll would increase as the food web passed a critical transition.
We expected that the time series in Paul Lake would represent the normal variability of an unmanipulated lake
Dataset ID
374
Date Range
-
Methods
Primary publications that provide more information about taxa, methods, and data are:
Carpenter, S.R., J.J. Cole, M.L. Pace, R.D. Batt, W.A. Brock, T. Cline, J. Coloso, J.R. Hodgson, J.F. Kitchell, D.A. Seekell, L. Smith and B. Weidel. 2011. Early warnings of regime shifts: A whole-ecosystem experiment. Science 332: 1079-1082.
Cline, T.J., D. A. Seekell, S. R. Carpenter, M. L. Pace, J. R. Hodgson, J. F. Kitchell, and B. C. Weidel 2014. Early warnings of regime shifts: evaluation of spatial indicators from a whole-ecosystem experiment. Ecosphere 5:art102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00398.1
Pace, M.L., S.R. Carpenter, R.A. Johnson and J. T. Kurzweil. 2013. Zooplankton provide early warnings of a regime shift in a whole-lake manipulation. Limnology and Oceanography 58: 525-532.
For an explanation of our rationale and expected results see:
Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., Cole, J. J., Kitchell, J. F., & Pace, M. L. 2008. Leading indicators of trophic cascades. Ecology Letters, 11(2), 128-138. doi:DOI 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01131.x
Related Sites
Version Number
2

Cascade project at North Temperate Lakes LTER - Daily Chlorophyll Data for Whole Lake Nutrient Additions 2013-2015

Abstract
Daily chlorophyll for surface water samples in Paul, Peter, and Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes each year while Paul Lake was an unfertilized reference.
Contact
Core Areas
Dataset ID
372
Date Range
-
Maintenance
completed
Methods
Methods are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203) and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.

Version Number
1

Cascade project at North Temperate Lakes LTER - High Frequency Data for Whole Lake Nutrient Additions 2013-2015

Abstract
High frequency continuous data for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll a, and phycocyanin in Paul, Peter, and Tuesday lakes from mid-May to early September for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were added to Peter and Tuesday lakes each year while Paul Lake was an unfertilized reference.
Contact
Dataset ID
371
Date Range
-
LTER Keywords
Maintenance
complete
Methods
Methods are described in Wilkinson et al. 2018 (Ecological Monographs 88:188-203) and Pace et al. 2017 (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 352-357). These publications including supplements should be consulted for details.
In Paul, Peter and Tuesday lakes two sondes were deployed at 0.75 meters near lake center. One sonde was a Hydrolab (model DS5X) with temperature, oxygen, pH, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll a sensors. One sonde was a Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI) 6600-V2-4 with temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, phycocyanin, and chlorophyll a sensors. Measurements were made every five minutes. Brief gaps in the data record due to calibration or sensor malfunction were interpolated using a bivariate autoregressive state-space model with the MARSS package in R version 3.9 to create a continuous daily time series.
Version Number
1

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Phosphorus, Chlorophyll, DOC, Color, and pH for Twenty UNDERC Lakes 1995 - 2003

Abstract
Data on total phosphorous, chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon, water color, and pH for a set of lakes located at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC). Surface water samples were collected monthly from May through August either from shore with a telescoping pole or from a boat. Twenty lakes were sampled from 1995-2000. Fifteen of these lakes were sampled from 2001-2003.
Contact
Dataset ID
361
Date Range
-
Methods
Methods are described in Pace and Cole 2002 (https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.2.0333). Surface water samples for the analysis of pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chlorophyll a , total phosphorus color were collected by dipping a sample bottle. The total phosphorus (TP) samples were stored in a separate acid-washed bottle. Samples were collected monthly from May through August from a set of 20 lakes for the years 1995-2000. A subset of fifteen lakes were sampled in the same way from 2001-2003. Samples were stored in a cooler and returned the lab for processing within a few hours.
Version Number
3

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER High Frequency Sonde Data from Food Web Resilience Experiment 2008 - 2011

Abstract
High-frequency sonde data collected from the surface waters of two lakes in Upper Peninsula of Michigan during the summers of 2008-2011. The food web of Peter Lake was slowly transformed by gradual additions of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) while Paul Lake was an unmanipulated reference. Sonde data were used to calculate resilience indicators to evaluate the stability of the food web and to calculate ecosystem metabolism.
Dataset ID
360
Date Range
-
Methods
Data were collected at 5 minute intervals using in-situ automated sensors (sondes). All measurements and samples were collected from a stationary raft over the deepest part of the lake.
Sondes were suspended from floats with probes at a depth of 0.75m below the surface. Sonde sensors were cleaned daily in the field and calibrated monthly following manufacturer guidelines. Peter and Paul lakes were each monitored with two YSI multiparameter sondes (model 6600 V2-4) fitted with optical DO (model 6150), pH (model 6561), optical Chl-a (model 6025), and conductivity-temperature (model 6560) probes. Sensor measurements were made at 0.75 m every 5 min and were calibrated weekly. PAR was measured and the UNDERC meteorology station maintained by the University of Notre Dame or by the North Temperate Lakes Weather Station at Woodruff Airport.
Outliers were replaced by NA. Occasional gaps in the record due to instrument cleaning are NA.
Related Sites
Version Number
1

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Core Data Zooplankton 1984 - 2016

Abstract
Zooplankton data from 1984-2016. Sampled approximately weekly with two net hauls through the water column (30 cm diameter net, 80 um mesh). There have been over eight zooplankton counters during this period, so species-level identifications (TAX, below) are not as consistent as those for some of the other datasets. Sampling Frequency: varies; Number of sites: 8
Core Areas
Dataset ID
355
Date Range
-
Maintenance
completed
Methods
Sampling:
Zooplankton were sampled approximately weekly with two net hauls through the water column (30 cm diameter net, 80 um mesh). Tows were taken at standard depths for almost all years. The standard depths are as follows: Peter, East Long, West Long, Crampton and Tuesday Lakes: 12m, Paul Lake: 8m, Ward Lake: 6m; exceptions are: for 2012 and beyond Tuesday Lake was sampled at 10m, Peter was sampled at 10m from 1984-1986, Paul was sampled at 7.5m in 1995. Samples were preserved with cold sugared formalin or Lugol's solution.
Version Number
16

Cascade Project at North Temperate Lakes LTER Core Data Process Data 1984 - 2016

Abstract
Data useful for calculating and evaluating primary production processes were collected from 6 lakes from 1984-2016. Chlorophyll a and pheophytin were measured by the same fluorometric method from 1984-2016. In some years chlorophyll and pheophytin were separated into size fractions (total, and a ‘small’ fraction that passed a 35 um mesh screen). Primary production was measured by the 14C method from 1984-1998. Dissolved inorganic carbon for primary production calculation was calculated from Gran alkalinity titration and air-equilibrated pH until 1987 when this method was replaced by gas chromatography. Until 1995 alkaline phosphatase activity was measured as an indicator of phosphorus deficiency.
Core Areas
Dataset ID
354
Date Range
-
Methods
General: Bade, D., J. Houser, and S. Scanga (editors). 1998. Methods of the Cascading Trophic Interactions Project. 5th edition. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY.
Version Number
14
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National Science Foundation | LTER Network | Center for Limnology        

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement #DEB-2025982, NTL LTER (ROR: 04gq8q482). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.