Local Measurements

Parameter

Frequency

Location

Method

Weather

Air Temperature^a

Relative Humidity^a

Wind Speed^a

hourly except half-hourly for solar radiation and 5 minute for rain gauge during rain events

Noble Lee Airport,

Sparkling Lake, Trout Lake and Madison NWS

thermistor

Campbell HMP 35c probe

3-cup anemometer

Precipitation^a

Solar Radiation^a

Noble Lee Airport and Madison NWS

tipping bucket gauge

Eppley Pyranometer (long and short wave)

Wind Direction^a

Soil Temperature^a

electronic wind vane

thermistor probes

Evaporation

Air Temperature

Relative Humidity

lake rafts on Sparkling

and Trout Lakes

thermistor

Campbell HMP 35c probe

Wind Speed

Water Temperature

3-cup anemometers

thermistor array

Precipitation Chemistry

weekly

Trout Lake NADP site

NADP protocols

Other Weather Data^a

daily

32 km radius

Weather Service Weather Stations

Groundwater

Water Level

Water Chemistry

same as Chemical Limnology, except no total particulate matter

monthly

annually in autumn

selected wells near study lakes

tape and popper

 chemistry same as lake samples

Physical Limnology

Water Temperature^a

Vertical Light Attenuation

Secchi Disk Depth^a

Dissolved Oxygen^a

every two weeks during ice-free season

deepest part of lake; quarter meter to one meter depth intervals depending on lake

YSI 58, Campbell dataloggers, LiCor Cosine Quantum Sensors, meter stick

Ice Thickness^a

Snow Depth on Lake^a

every six weeks during ice-covered season

Ice Duration^a

annually

research lakes

Instrumented Buoys

Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Relative Humidity

10 minutes

oxygen at surface, temperature at approximately 1m intervals

Greenspan Oxygen Sondes, Apprise Templine thermistor, chain, R.M. Young wind sensors

Chemical Limnology

Total Nitrogen^a

Total Dissolved Nitrogen

Nitrate, Ammonia^a

Total Phosphorus^a

Total Dissolved Phosphorus^a

Total Silica

Dissolved Reactive Silica^a

Field pH^a

Air Equilibrated pH^a

Total Alkalinity

Total Inorganic  Carbon 

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon^a

Total Organic Carbon

Dissolved Organic Carbon^a

Total Particulate Matter^a

every four weeks during ice-free season

every six weeks during ice-covered season

deepest part of lake; top and bottom of epilimnion, midthermocline and top, middle, and bottom of hypolimnion

samples collected with peristaltic pump and in-line filtration.

N by K₂S₂O₈ digestion and copper cadmium digestion and diazo complex; P by K₂S₂O₈ digestion and phospho-molybdate complex; Si by NaHCO₃ digestion and silica-molybdate complex; pH with meter; Alkalinity by gran titration; C by persulfate digestion

Chloride^a

Sulfate^a

 Calcium^a

 Magnesium^a

Sodium^a

Potassium^a

Iron^a

Manganese^a

Specific Conductance^a

quarterly at spring and fall mixis, summer and winter stratification

Anions by ion chromatography; cations by atomic absorption

Biological Limnology

Chlorophyll a^a

Primary Production

Sedimentation Rate

same as physical limnology

deep part of lake; Chl at 2-9 discrete depths; Prod by thermal strata for euphotic zone

Chl by spectroscopy;

Prod by C14 incubation and analysis of diurnal oxygen and pCO2;

 sediment traps

Macrophyte Distribution and Biomass^a

annually in August in Trout Lake and in summer in Madison lakes

selected shoreline locations

permanent line transects

Zooplankton Biomass^a

same as physical limnology

deep part of lake; 2-9 depths per lake

2 meter long Schindler-Patalas trap; Wisconsin net

Crayfish Abundance^a

annually in August

selected shoreline locations

cylindrical traps baited with beef liver

Other Benthic Invertebrates

annually in August and September

deep part of lake and selected shoreline locations

conical net for Mysis and Chaorborus; "Dendy" samplers

Fish^a

annually in August

deep part of lake and selected shoreline locations

vertical gill nets; fyke nets; trammel nets; seines; electroshocker; acoustic transects

Human Demography

Housing Density

each decade since 1940

Northern Highlands Lake District; partial block groups

U.S. Census